Ondansetron
Ondansetron hydrochloride
Pantoprazole (PAN) is a proton pump inhibitor. It inhibits secretion of gastric acid by irreversibly blocking the enzyme system of hydrogen/potassium adenosine triphosphatase (H+/K+ ATPase), the 'proton pump' of the gastric parietal cell. It is used in conditions where inhibition of gastric acid secretion may be beneficial, including aspiration syndromes, dyspepsia, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer disease, and the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome [1, 2]. After an oral dose Peak plasma-PAN concentrations are achieved about 2 to 2.5 hours. The oral bioavailability is about 77% with the enteric-coated tablet formulation, and does not vary after single or multiple doses. PAN is 98% bound to plasma proteins. It is extensively metabolized in the liver, primarily by the cytochrome P450, to desmethyl pantoprazole. Metabolites are excreted mainly (about 80%) in the urine, with the remainder being excreted in bile. The terminal elimination half-life is about 1 hour [1].
In this literature review, we will introduce most of up-to-date reported methods that have been developed for determination of OND and PAN in their pure form, combined form with other drugs, combined form with degradation products, and in biological samples.
Ondansetron hydrochloride
Chemical structure of OND
Review of analytical methods:
Various techniques were used for the analysis of OND in pure forms, in their pharmaceutical formulations and in biological fluids. The available reported methods in the literature can be summarized as follows:
Spectroscopic methods:
Spectrophotometric methods:
Drugs |
Method or reagent |
λmax |
Ref |
OND and MTC |
First drivative spectroscopy |
266 nm OND and 253 nm MTC |
[3] |
OND and PAN |
Ratio drivative spectrophotometry |
271.80 nm OND and 300.20 nm PAN |
[4] |
OND |
Second drivative spectroscopy |
248-254nm |
[5] |
Spectrofluorometric methods:
Drug |
Fluorogenic reagent (method) |
λex (nm) |
λem(nm) |
Ref |
OND |
Triton X 100 micellar system |
317 nm |
354 nm |
[6] |
OND |
pararosaniline hydrochloride in dioxane |
439 nm |
493 nm |
[7] |
Chromatographic methods:
HPLC
Matrix |
Column |
Mobile phase |
system |
Ref. |
Tablet |
a Phenomenex C18 column |
ACN: 50 mM KH2PO4 buffer: triethylamine (25 : 74 : 1; v/v; pH 4.0) |
HPLC- DAD at 310 nm |
[8] |
Tablet |
a Phenomenex C18 column |
50 mM KH2PO4 (pH 6): ACN (60:40 v/v) |
HPLC- UV at 222 nm |
[9] |
Tablet |
a Waters Xterra C18 |
A gradient elution with 10 mM ammonium formate (pH 3.0):methanol |
HPLC – MS/MS |
[10] |
Tablet |
Chiralpak AS-3R |
methanol/water/diethylamine (85/15/0.1% v/v/v) |
HPLC- UV at 222 nm |
[11] |
Plasma |
a Agilent Zorbax Eclipse® C18 |
ACN: water (50:50, v/v) |
HPLC – MS/MS |
[12] |
Tablet |
Thermo Hypersil BDS C8 |
potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer: ACN (pH 3.0) 60:40 v/v |
HPLC- UV at 258 nm |
[13] |
Tablet |
A kromasil C8 |
phosphate buffer and methanol (50:50) |
HPLC- UV at 250 nm |
[14] |
HPTLC
Matrix |
Column |
Mobile phase |
system |
Ref. |
Tablet |
silica-gel 60 F254 plate |
Chloroform: ethyl acetate: methanol: ammonia (9:5:4:0.1 v/v). |
UV 254 nm |
[15] |
Tablet |
silica-gel 60 F254 plate |
Methanol. Ethyl acetate – methanol – ammonia, (11:3.5:0.2, v/v) |
UV 310 nm |
[16] |
Tablet |
silica-gel 60 F254 plate |
dichloromethane: methanol (9:1 v/v) |
UV 309 nm, 294 nm |
[17] |
Tablet |
silica-gel 60 F254 plate |
Chloroform: methanol: ethyl acetate (7:2:1, v/v). |
UV 302 nm |
[18] |
Other methods
Potentiometric [19].
Pantoprazole (PAN)
Chemical structure of PAN
Various techniques were used for the analysis of PAN in pure forms, in their pharmaceutical formulations and in biological fluids. The available reported methods in the literature can be summarized as follows:
Spectroscopic methods:
Spectrophotometric methods:
Drugs |
Method or reagent |
λmax |
Ref |
PAN |
bromothymol blue in aqueous acidic medium |
428 nm |
[20] |
OND and PAN |
Ratio drivative spectrophotometry |
271.80 nm OND and 300.20 nm PAN |
[4] |
PAN |
FeCl3 and 1,10 phenanthroline 2, 2΄-bipyridyl |
510 nm 520 nm |
[21] |
PAN |
spectral changes upon changing the pH |
296 nm 0.1 HCl and 319 nm 0.1N NaOH |
[22] |
PAN and MS |
first simultaneous equation Q value analysis method |
274 nm (MS), 288.2 nm (PAN) 274 nm (MS), 302 nm (PAN) |
[23] |
PAN and ITP |
First drivative spectrophotometry |
238.5 (PAN) and 288 nm (ITP) |
[24] |
Spectrofluorometric methods:
Drug |
Fluorogenic reagent (method) |
λex (nm) |
λem(nm) |
Ref |
PAN |
SDS |
306 nm |
345 nm |
[25] |
Chromatographic methods:
HPLC
Matrix |
Column |
Mobile phase |
system |
Ref |
Tablet |
C18 column |
ACN: water (90:10, v/v) |
HPLC – MS/MS |
[26] |
Tablet |
Inertsil C18 |
ACN: phosphate buffer (60:40, v/v, pH 7.0) |
HPLC- UV at 230 nm |
[27] |
Tablet |
a Phenomenex C18 |
phosphate buffer: ACN (55:45 v/v, pH 5.0) |
HPLC- UV at 289 nm |
[28] |
Tablet |
Tracer excel ODS C18 |
phosphate buffer (10 mM)/ACN (53/47, v/v, pH 7.3) |
HPLC- UV at 290 nm |
[29] |
plasma |
an ovomucoid column |
methanol: CAN: 10 mM ammonium formate (pH 7) (10.4:2.6:87, v/v/v) |
HPLC – MS/MS |
[30] |
Tablet |
a Hypersil ODS column |
A gradient elution with 0.01 M phosphate buffer of pH 7 and ACN |
HPLC- UV at 290 nm |
[31] |
Tablet |
a Zorbax Eclipse XDB C18 |
Agradient elution with Acetate buffer (pH 4.5): ACN. |
HPLC- UV at 290 nm |
[32] |
Tablet |
A phenomenox C18 |
30 mM ammonium sulphate buffer : ACN (50:50, v/v) |
HPLC- UV at 275 nm |
[23] |
Plasma |
an Lichrospher C18 column |
methanol: water (60:40, v/v) |
HPLC – MS/MS |
[33] |
Tablet |
a Nucleodur C8 column |
0.1 M ammonium acetate solution : methanol (42:58, v/v) |
HPLC- UV at 280 nm |
[34] |
HPTLC
Matrix |
Column |
Mobile phase |
system |
Ref. |
Tablet |
silica-gel 60 F254 plate |
Chloroform: 2-propanol: 25% ammonia: ACN (10.8:1.2:0.3: 4 v/v ) |
UV at 282 nm |
[35] |
Tablet |
silica-gel 60 F254 plate |
Methanol: water: ammonium acetate, (4:1:0.5 v/v). |
UV at 290 nm |
[36] |
Tablet |
silica-gel 60 F254 plate |
ethyl acetate: methanol (9:1v/v) |
UV at 278 nm |
[37] |
Tablet |
silica-gel 60 F254 plate |
Methylene chloride: ethyl acetate: methanol: ammonia (25%) (12:2:0.8:0.2, v/v) |
UV at 289 nm |
[38] |
Tablet, vials, and plasma |
silica-gel 60 F254 plate |
chloroform‒methanol‒ethyl acetate (6:2:2 v/v). |
UV at 302 nm |
[39] |
Other methods:
Capillary electrophoresis [40], voltametry [41], potentiometry [42, 43].
This literature review represents an up to date survey about all reported methods that have been developed for determination of ondansetron hydrochloride and pantoprazole