Vol. 3 No. 9 (2020)
Human Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Neural Activity: Effects of Probiotics on Mental and GI Health
David Tomasi, Sophia WebbOnline First: Sep 2, 2020
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Human Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Neural Activity: Effects of Probiotics on Mental and GI Health
This review examines the general parameters of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, with special emphasis on a clinical-medical perspective and anthropological research foci. In particular, the authors focused on the observed vs. non-observed (observable) effects of psychobiotics on psychiatric conditions, as well as IBD and IBS comorbidities with psychiatric conditions; the latter was examined within the context of utilizing dietary changes to influence individuals’ microbiomes and to ameliorate GI and mental health. Despite some fascinating observations seen in preclinical animal models and promising outcomes observed in several clinical studies of probiotic supplementation on humans with psychiatric as well as GI conditions, this area of research warrants further scientific examination. This research is particularly important in order to provide scientific evidence supporting the use of probiotics (exclusively or as an adjunct treatment) for psychiatric and/or GI conditions in clinical settings. An important consideration in this sense is the need for standardized experimental methods, which can help guide evidence-based recommendations such as differences in dosing, timing, and duration of supplementation, as well as help elucidate genetic predispositions and potential dietary-pharmacological interactions. Such research methods would allow for a better understanding of the processes and mechanisms probiotics induce and/or cause within the context of human physiology.
Human Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Neural Activity: Effects of Probiotics on Mental and GI Health
This review examines the general parameters of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, with special emphasis on a clinical-medical perspective and anthropological research foci. In particular, the authors focused on the observed vs. non-observed (observable) effects of psychobiotics on psychiatric conditions, as well as IBD and IBS comorbidities with psychiatric conditions; the latter was examined within the context of utilizing dietary changes to influence individuals’ microbiomes and to ameliorate GI and mental health. Despite some fascinating observations seen in preclinical animal models and promising outcomes observed in several clinical studies of probiotic supplementation on humans with psychiatric as well as GI conditions, this area of research warrants further scientific examination. This research is particularly important in order to provide scientific evidence supporting the use of probiotics (exclusively or as an adjunct treatment) for psychiatric and/or GI conditions in clinical settings. An important consideration in this sense is the need for standardized experimental methods, which can help guide evidence-based recommendations such as differences in dosing, timing, and duration of supplementation, as well as help elucidate genetic predispositions and potential dietary-pharmacological interactions. Such research methods would allow for a better understanding of the processes and mechanisms probiotics induce and/or cause within the context of human physiology.
Human Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Neural Activity: Effects of Probiotics on Mental and GI Health
This review examines the general parameters of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, with special emphasis on a clinical-medical perspective and anthropological research foci. In particular, the authors focused on the observed vs. non-observed (observable) effects of psychobiotics on psychiatric conditions, as well as IBD and IBS comorbidities with psychiatric conditions; the latter was examined within the context of utilizing dietary changes to influence individuals’ microbiomes and to ameliorate GI and mental health. Despite some fascinating observations seen in preclinical animal models and promising outcomes observed in several clinical studies of probiotic supplementation on humans with psychiatric as well as GI conditions, this area of research warrants further scientific examination. This research is particularly important in order to provide scientific evidence supporting the use of probiotics (exclusively or as an adjunct treatment) for psychiatric and/or GI conditions in clinical settings. An important consideration in this sense is the need for standardized experimental methods, which can help guide evidence-based recommendations such as differences in dosing, timing, and duration of supplementation, as well as help elucidate genetic predispositions and potential dietary-pharmacological interactions. Such research methods would allow for a better understanding of the processes and mechanisms probiotics induce and/or cause within the context of human physiology.
Human Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Neural Activity: Effects of Probiotics on Mental and GI Health
This review examines the general parameters of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, with special emphasis on a clinical-medical perspective and anthropological research foci. In particular, the authors focused on the observed vs. non-observed (observable) effects of psychobiotics on psychiatric conditions, as well as IBD and IBS comorbidities with psychiatric conditions; the latter was examined within the context of utilizing dietary changes to influence individuals’ microbiomes and to ameliorate GI and mental health. Despite some fascinating observations seen in preclinical animal models and promising outcomes observed in several clinical studies of probiotic supplementation on humans with psychiatric as well as GI conditions, this area of research warrants further scientific examination. This research is particularly important in order to provide scientific evidence supporting the use of probiotics (exclusively or as an adjunct treatment) for psychiatric and/or GI conditions in clinical settings. An important consideration in this sense is the need for standardized experimental methods, which can help guide evidence-based recommendations such as differences in dosing, timing, and duration of supplementation, as well as help elucidate genetic predispositions and potential dietary-pharmacological interactions. Such research methods would allow for a better understanding of the processes and mechanisms probiotics induce and/or cause within the context of human physiology.
Kissing, Saliva and Human Papilloma Virus: Principles, Practices, and Prophylaxis
Louis Z.G. Touyz, Sarah J.J. TouyzOnline First: Sep 3, 2020
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Kissing, Saliva and Human Papilloma Virus: Principles, Practices, and Prophylaxis
Introduction: Kissing is a globally practiced form of communication, yet saliva is often deemed a harmless bodily fluid. Many viruses thrive in salivary and oro-pharyngeal lymphoid cells. These viruses include Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Human Herpes Viruses, Epstein –Barr, HIV, Polio and others, and are transmitted between people when kissing. Aim: This appraisal (1)assesses socially sanctioned kissing habits, (2) examines the presence of Human Papilloma Virus [HPV] in saliva and salivary tests for HPV, (3) reviews protection from HPV vaccines, (4)deconstructs attitudes and behavior, and critiques the oncogenic potential of HPV morbidity from peri-osculation practices. Materials and Methods: Clinical- tests for putative HPV viruses in oro-pharyngeal cancers use saliva to detect HPV oncogenic types; these re-affirm presence of HPV’s in saliva, and their causal relationship to the majority of head and neck cancers. Conclusion: Although frequency of new infections from kissing is unknown, this critique suggests caution against random kissing, encourages use of HPV vaccination for prophylaxis, and indicates that this may moderate HPV and viral transmission, with consequent reduction of HPV morbidity and mortality.
Kissing, Saliva and Human Papilloma Virus: Principles, Practices, and Prophylaxis
Introduction: Kissing is a globally practiced form of communication, yet saliva is often deemed a harmless bodily fluid. Many viruses thrive in salivary and oro-pharyngeal lymphoid cells. These viruses include Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Human Herpes Viruses, Epstein –Barr, HIV, Polio and others, and are transmitted between people when kissing. Aim: This appraisal (1)assesses socially sanctioned kissing habits, (2) examines the presence of Human Papilloma Virus [HPV] in saliva and salivary tests for HPV, (3) reviews protection from HPV vaccines, (4)deconstructs attitudes and behavior, and critiques the oncogenic potential of HPV morbidity from peri-osculation practices. Materials and Methods: Clinical- tests for putative HPV viruses in oro-pharyngeal cancers use saliva to detect HPV oncogenic types; these re-affirm presence of HPV’s in saliva, and their causal relationship to the majority of head and neck cancers. Conclusion: Although frequency of new infections from kissing is unknown, this critique suggests caution against random kissing, encourages use of HPV vaccination for prophylaxis, and indicates that this may moderate HPV and viral transmission, with consequent reduction of HPV morbidity and mortality.
Kissing, Saliva and Human Papilloma Virus: Principles, Practices, and Prophylaxis
Introduction: Kissing is a globally practiced form of communication, yet saliva is often deemed a harmless bodily fluid. Many viruses thrive in salivary and oro-pharyngeal lymphoid cells. These viruses include Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Human Herpes Viruses, Epstein –Barr, HIV, Polio and others, and are transmitted between people when kissing. Aim: This appraisal (1)assesses socially sanctioned kissing habits, (2) examines the presence of Human Papilloma Virus [HPV] in saliva and salivary tests for HPV, (3) reviews protection from HPV vaccines, (4)deconstructs attitudes and behavior, and critiques the oncogenic potential of HPV morbidity from peri-osculation practices. Materials and Methods: Clinical- tests for putative HPV viruses in oro-pharyngeal cancers use saliva to detect HPV oncogenic types; these re-affirm presence of HPV’s in saliva, and their causal relationship to the majority of head and neck cancers. Conclusion: Although frequency of new infections from kissing is unknown, this critique suggests caution against random kissing, encourages use of HPV vaccination for prophylaxis, and indicates that this may moderate HPV and viral transmission, with consequent reduction of HPV morbidity and mortality.
Kissing, Saliva and Human Papilloma Virus: Principles, Practices, and Prophylaxis
Introduction: Kissing is a globally practiced form of communication, yet saliva is often deemed a harmless bodily fluid. Many viruses thrive in salivary and oro-pharyngeal lymphoid cells. These viruses include Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Human Herpes Viruses, Epstein –Barr, HIV, Polio and others, and are transmitted between people when kissing. Aim: This appraisal (1)assesses socially sanctioned kissing habits, (2) examines the presence of Human Papilloma Virus [HPV] in saliva and salivary tests for HPV, (3) reviews protection from HPV vaccines, (4)deconstructs attitudes and behavior, and critiques the oncogenic potential of HPV morbidity from peri-osculation practices. Materials and Methods: Clinical- tests for putative HPV viruses in oro-pharyngeal cancers use saliva to detect HPV oncogenic types; these re-affirm presence of HPV’s in saliva, and their causal relationship to the majority of head and neck cancers. Conclusion: Although frequency of new infections from kissing is unknown, this critique suggests caution against random kissing, encourages use of HPV vaccination for prophylaxis, and indicates that this may moderate HPV and viral transmission, with consequent reduction of HPV morbidity and mortality.
The plight of women with cleft lips-A case report.
Salathiel Zhou MzezewaOnline First: Sep 11, 2020
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The plight of women with cleft lips-A case report.
Abstract.
A 32year old mother of two presented to our out-patient department complaining that she was fed up of being taunted, for her lip deformity and that this has now resulted in divorce. She stated that when ever she meets new people or she attends gatherings, people stare at her and children laugh at her. She also complained that her children are taunted by other children for her deformity. She said the situation got worse a short while ago when her sisters in law taunted their brother (her husband) for marrying a wife with a cleft lip, leading to divorce. She was therefore requesting an operation to correct her deformity.
The plight of women with cleft lips-A case report.
Abstract.
A 32year old mother of two presented to our out-patient department complaining that she was fed up of being taunted, for her lip deformity and that this has now resulted in divorce. She stated that when ever she meets new people or she attends gatherings, people stare at her and children laugh at her. She also complained that her children are taunted by other children for her deformity. She said the situation got worse a short while ago when her sisters in law taunted their brother (her husband) for marrying a wife with a cleft lip, leading to divorce. She was therefore requesting an operation to correct her deformity.
The plight of women with cleft lips-A case report.
Abstract.
A 32year old mother of two presented to our out-patient department complaining that she was fed up of being taunted, for her lip deformity and that this has now resulted in divorce. She stated that when ever she meets new people or she attends gatherings, people stare at her and children laugh at her. She also complained that her children are taunted by other children for her deformity. She said the situation got worse a short while ago when her sisters in law taunted their brother (her husband) for marrying a wife with a cleft lip, leading to divorce. She was therefore requesting an operation to correct her deformity.
The plight of women with cleft lips-A case report.
Abstract.
A 32year old mother of two presented to our out-patient department complaining that she was fed up of being taunted, for her lip deformity and that this has now resulted in divorce. She stated that when ever she meets new people or she attends gatherings, people stare at her and children laugh at her. She also complained that her children are taunted by other children for her deformity. She said the situation got worse a short while ago when her sisters in law taunted their brother (her husband) for marrying a wife with a cleft lip, leading to divorce. She was therefore requesting an operation to correct her deformity.
Coronavirus Disease in Pakistan: Response and Challenges from Prevention to Care
Syeda Ghadeer Zehra Naqvi, Kainat Fatima, Kanwal Jamal, Muhammad Waqaruddin SherozeOnline First: Sep 11, 2020
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Coronavirus Disease in Pakistan: Response and Challenges from Prevention to Care
Immensely contagious Coronavirus disease was imported in Pakistan and became health emergency concern in no time. Pakistan, being a resource limited nation has encountered worst transmission dynamics and received public, social, economic challenges. Pakistani officials responded sufficiently to outbreak. However, community transmission became an emergent threat and proportion of mortalities became exponential. Hence, Pakistan was scantily prepared to respond to an overhanging hazardous outbreak. This study comment on response of Pakistani government to Coronavirus disease, sheds light on challenges faced during the Covid-19 pandemic and concluded by highlighting concept of preparedness and providing some recommendations.
Coronavirus Disease in Pakistan: Response and Challenges from Prevention to Care
Immensely contagious Coronavirus disease was imported in Pakistan and became health emergency concern in no time. Pakistan, being a resource limited nation has encountered worst transmission dynamics and received public, social, economic challenges. Pakistani officials responded sufficiently to outbreak. However, community transmission became an emergent threat and proportion of mortalities became exponential. Hence, Pakistan was scantily prepared to respond to an overhanging hazardous outbreak. This study comment on response of Pakistani government to Coronavirus disease, sheds light on challenges faced during the Covid-19 pandemic and concluded by highlighting concept of preparedness and providing some recommendations.
Coronavirus Disease in Pakistan: Response and Challenges from Prevention to Care
Immensely contagious Coronavirus disease was imported in Pakistan and became health emergency concern in no time. Pakistan, being a resource limited nation has encountered worst transmission dynamics and received public, social, economic challenges. Pakistani officials responded sufficiently to outbreak. However, community transmission became an emergent threat and proportion of mortalities became exponential. Hence, Pakistan was scantily prepared to respond to an overhanging hazardous outbreak. This study comment on response of Pakistani government to Coronavirus disease, sheds light on challenges faced during the Covid-19 pandemic and concluded by highlighting concept of preparedness and providing some recommendations.
Coronavirus Disease in Pakistan: Response and Challenges from Prevention to Care
Immensely contagious Coronavirus disease was imported in Pakistan and became health emergency concern in no time. Pakistan, being a resource limited nation has encountered worst transmission dynamics and received public, social, economic challenges. Pakistani officials responded sufficiently to outbreak. However, community transmission became an emergent threat and proportion of mortalities became exponential. Hence, Pakistan was scantily prepared to respond to an overhanging hazardous outbreak. This study comment on response of Pakistani government to Coronavirus disease, sheds light on challenges faced during the Covid-19 pandemic and concluded by highlighting concept of preparedness and providing some recommendations.
Non-Accidental burn injuries in adults admitted at mankweng burns unit
Salathiel Zhou Mzezewa, livhuwani makhuvhaOnline First: Sep 11, 2020
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Non-Accidental burn injuries in adults admitted at mankweng burns unit
Abstract
Introduction
Burns are a serious public health problem responsible for mortality and morbidity such as infection, contractures, and psycho-social disability.
Aims and Objectives
To obtain information on non-accidental burn injuries admitted to our burns unit.
To record the outcome.
Methods
All patients with a history of non-accidental burn injuries from January 2019 to August 2020 were prospectively included in this study. A data collection tool was created which consisted of data on age, gender, causative agents of burns, mechanism/circumstances that led to injury, total body surface area (TBSA) involved, and the patient’s outcome.
Results
We admitted 38 patients. 22 males and 16 females. The mechanisms were intimate partner related violence 21, religious and traditional beliefs 5, self-inflicted 3, mob assault 1, robbery 2, alcohol-related conflicts 3, unclear mechanisms 3. The causative agents were scald 20, open flame 15 and chemical burns 3. The median age was 35,63(19-64) years. The median total body surface area was 24,4 (3-80) %. Mortality was 11(29%).
Conclusion
Burn injuries as a result of intimate partner-related violence were the leading reason for admission at 55,26%.
Mortality was highest among those admitted following religious and traditional beliefs burns.
The mortality was 29%.
Non-Accidental burn injuries in adults admitted at mankweng burns unit
Abstract
Introduction
Burns are a serious public health problem responsible for mortality and morbidity such as infection, contractures, and psycho-social disability.
Aims and Objectives
To obtain information on non-accidental burn injuries admitted to our burns unit.
To record the outcome.
Methods
All patients with a history of non-accidental burn injuries from January 2019 to August 2020 were prospectively included in this study. A data collection tool was created which consisted of data on age, gender, causative agents of burns, mechanism/circumstances that led to injury, total body surface area (TBSA) involved, and the patient’s outcome.
Results
We admitted 38 patients. 22 males and 16 females. The mechanisms were intimate partner related violence 21, religious and traditional beliefs 5, self-inflicted 3, mob assault 1, robbery 2, alcohol-related conflicts 3, unclear mechanisms 3. The causative agents were scald 20, open flame 15 and chemical burns 3. The median age was 35,63(19-64) years. The median total body surface area was 24,4 (3-80) %. Mortality was 11(29%).
Conclusion
Burn injuries as a result of intimate partner-related violence were the leading reason for admission at 55,26%.
Mortality was highest among those admitted following religious and traditional beliefs burns.
The mortality was 29%.
Non-Accidental burn injuries in adults admitted at mankweng burns unit
Abstract
Introduction
Burns are a serious public health problem responsible for mortality and morbidity such as infection, contractures, and psycho-social disability.
Aims and Objectives
To obtain information on non-accidental burn injuries admitted to our burns unit.
To record the outcome.
Methods
All patients with a history of non-accidental burn injuries from January 2019 to August 2020 were prospectively included in this study. A data collection tool was created which consisted of data on age, gender, causative agents of burns, mechanism/circumstances that led to injury, total body surface area (TBSA) involved, and the patient’s outcome.
Results
We admitted 38 patients. 22 males and 16 females. The mechanisms were intimate partner related violence 21, religious and traditional beliefs 5, self-inflicted 3, mob assault 1, robbery 2, alcohol-related conflicts 3, unclear mechanisms 3. The causative agents were scald 20, open flame 15 and chemical burns 3. The median age was 35,63(19-64) years. The median total body surface area was 24,4 (3-80) %. Mortality was 11(29%).
Conclusion
Burn injuries as a result of intimate partner-related violence were the leading reason for admission at 55,26%.
Mortality was highest among those admitted following religious and traditional beliefs burns.
The mortality was 29%.
Non-Accidental burn injuries in adults admitted at mankweng burns unit
Abstract
Introduction
Burns are a serious public health problem responsible for mortality and morbidity such as infection, contractures, and psycho-social disability.
Aims and Objectives
To obtain information on non-accidental burn injuries admitted to our burns unit.
To record the outcome.
Methods
All patients with a history of non-accidental burn injuries from January 2019 to August 2020 were prospectively included in this study. A data collection tool was created which consisted of data on age, gender, causative agents of burns, mechanism/circumstances that led to injury, total body surface area (TBSA) involved, and the patient’s outcome.
Results
We admitted 38 patients. 22 males and 16 females. The mechanisms were intimate partner related violence 21, religious and traditional beliefs 5, self-inflicted 3, mob assault 1, robbery 2, alcohol-related conflicts 3, unclear mechanisms 3. The causative agents were scald 20, open flame 15 and chemical burns 3. The median age was 35,63(19-64) years. The median total body surface area was 24,4 (3-80) %. Mortality was 11(29%).
Conclusion
Burn injuries as a result of intimate partner-related violence were the leading reason for admission at 55,26%.
Mortality was highest among those admitted following religious and traditional beliefs burns.
The mortality was 29%.
The Prevalence and Severity of Gingivitis in High School Students in Gaza Strip - Palestine
: Cross-sectional Study Amjad F. H. ElShanti, Ali Aldirawi, Ashraf Mehjez, Mohammed Zaida, Ibrahim Abu Nada, Mohammed Abu NadaOnline First: Sep 23, 2020
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The Prevalence and Severity of Gingivitis in High School Students in Gaza Strip - Palestine
Background: There are limited data about the epidemiology of gingivitis in Gaza Strip, Palestine. The aim of the current study was to determine the prevalence and severity of gingivitis among high school students in Gaza strip.
Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 408 students from both genders aged between 15-19 years old were selected from different areas of Gaza Strip by multistage sampling method (simple random for selecting the school, and stratified random sampling for student selection). Data of study were obtained through (periodontal examination kit and questionnaire). The data were collected in questionnaire filled by self-administration that consist of three sections; personal data, student general health conditions and oral hygiene practices. Before data collection, permission was obtained from the Ministry of Education. The schools were informed about the purpose of the study and its goal. The written informed consent from the student himself were obtained.
Result: Average age of sample units was (16.92 + 0.78) years old. The percentage of males was 42.9%. According to the governorate distribution of the sample, 18.4% of them were from North Gaza, 38% were from Gaza City, while 15.4% were from Middle Camps, 18.3% from Khanyounes, and 9.8% from Rafah. The main findings of the current study revealed the prevalence rate of gingivitis among high school students was 97.1%. According to gingival index (GI), the average of GI was (1.5+0.80), where 28.5% of gingivitis cases were mild cases, while 44.5% of them were moderate, and 27% were of severe gingivitis. There was no significant difference in the average of gingival index according to gender (t=1.35, P=0.178), where the average of GI among males was (1.6+0.8), while that of females was (1.5+0.18). According to sociodemographic factors, there were no differences in averages of GI except for governorates (F=3.7, P=0.05), and for Paternal educational level (F=3.1,P=0.027), where the highest average of GI was that of those live in Gaza city (1.63+ 0.77), and North Gaza (1.63+ 0.82) and those whose fathers of illiteracy (1.73+ 0.95) and basic (1.66+0.78) educational levels. Moreover, there was statistically high significant direct correlation between GI and PI (R=0.63, P=0.000).
Conclusion: The results of the current study revealed that GI average of high school students in North Gaza and Gaza City was the highest in Gaza Strip, and this finding need more investigation in future study to explain the reason of this significant difference in GI average according to governorates. Also, the findings of this study confirmed that the paternal educational level is considered as a risk factor for gingivitis, where the students whose fathers of low educational level have high probability to complain from gingivitis than those whose fathers of high educational level.
The Prevalence and Severity of Gingivitis in High School Students in Gaza Strip - Palestine
Background: There are limited data about the epidemiology of gingivitis in Gaza Strip, Palestine. The aim of the current study was to determine the prevalence and severity of gingivitis among high school students in Gaza strip.
Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 408 students from both genders aged between 15-19 years old were selected from different areas of Gaza Strip by multistage sampling method (simple random for selecting the school, and stratified random sampling for student selection). Data of study were obtained through (periodontal examination kit and questionnaire). The data were collected in questionnaire filled by self-administration that consist of three sections; personal data, student general health conditions and oral hygiene practices. Before data collection, permission was obtained from the Ministry of Education. The schools were informed about the purpose of the study and its goal. The written informed consent from the student himself were obtained.
Result: Average age of sample units was (16.92 + 0.78) years old. The percentage of males was 42.9%. According to the governorate distribution of the sample, 18.4% of them were from North Gaza, 38% were from Gaza City, while 15.4% were from Middle Camps, 18.3% from Khanyounes, and 9.8% from Rafah. The main findings of the current study revealed the prevalence rate of gingivitis among high school students was 97.1%. According to gingival index (GI), the average of GI was (1.5+0.80), where 28.5% of gingivitis cases were mild cases, while 44.5% of them were moderate, and 27% were of severe gingivitis. There was no significant difference in the average of gingival index according to gender (t=1.35, P=0.178), where the average of GI among males was (1.6+0.8), while that of females was (1.5+0.18). According to sociodemographic factors, there were no differences in averages of GI except for governorates (F=3.7, P=0.05), and for Paternal educational level (F=3.1,P=0.027), where the highest average of GI was that of those live in Gaza city (1.63+ 0.77), and North Gaza (1.63+ 0.82) and those whose fathers of illiteracy (1.73+ 0.95) and basic (1.66+0.78) educational levels. Moreover, there was statistically high significant direct correlation between GI and PI (R=0.63, P=0.000).
Conclusion: The results of the current study revealed that GI average of high school students in North Gaza and Gaza City was the highest in Gaza Strip, and this finding need more investigation in future study to explain the reason of this significant difference in GI average according to governorates. Also, the findings of this study confirmed that the paternal educational level is considered as a risk factor for gingivitis, where the students whose fathers of low educational level have high probability to complain from gingivitis than those whose fathers of high educational level.
The Prevalence and Severity of Gingivitis in High School Students in Gaza Strip - Palestine
Background: There are limited data about the epidemiology of gingivitis in Gaza Strip, Palestine. The aim of the current study was to determine the prevalence and severity of gingivitis among high school students in Gaza strip.
Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 408 students from both genders aged between 15-19 years old were selected from different areas of Gaza Strip by multistage sampling method (simple random for selecting the school, and stratified random sampling for student selection). Data of study were obtained through (periodontal examination kit and questionnaire). The data were collected in questionnaire filled by self-administration that consist of three sections; personal data, student general health conditions and oral hygiene practices. Before data collection, permission was obtained from the Ministry of Education. The schools were informed about the purpose of the study and its goal. The written informed consent from the student himself were obtained.
Result: Average age of sample units was (16.92 + 0.78) years old. The percentage of males was 42.9%. According to the governorate distribution of the sample, 18.4% of them were from North Gaza, 38% were from Gaza City, while 15.4% were from Middle Camps, 18.3% from Khanyounes, and 9.8% from Rafah. The main findings of the current study revealed the prevalence rate of gingivitis among high school students was 97.1%. According to gingival index (GI), the average of GI was (1.5+0.80), where 28.5% of gingivitis cases were mild cases, while 44.5% of them were moderate, and 27% were of severe gingivitis. There was no significant difference in the average of gingival index according to gender (t=1.35, P=0.178), where the average of GI among males was (1.6+0.8), while that of females was (1.5+0.18). According to sociodemographic factors, there were no differences in averages of GI except for governorates (F=3.7, P=0.05), and for Paternal educational level (F=3.1,P=0.027), where the highest average of GI was that of those live in Gaza city (1.63+ 0.77), and North Gaza (1.63+ 0.82) and those whose fathers of illiteracy (1.73+ 0.95) and basic (1.66+0.78) educational levels. Moreover, there was statistically high significant direct correlation between GI and PI (R=0.63, P=0.000).
Conclusion: The results of the current study revealed that GI average of high school students in North Gaza and Gaza City was the highest in Gaza Strip, and this finding need more investigation in future study to explain the reason of this significant difference in GI average according to governorates. Also, the findings of this study confirmed that the paternal educational level is considered as a risk factor for gingivitis, where the students whose fathers of low educational level have high probability to complain from gingivitis than those whose fathers of high educational level.
The Prevalence and Severity of Gingivitis in High School Students in Gaza Strip - Palestine
Background: There are limited data about the epidemiology of gingivitis in Gaza Strip, Palestine. The aim of the current study was to determine the prevalence and severity of gingivitis among high school students in Gaza strip.
Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 408 students from both genders aged between 15-19 years old were selected from different areas of Gaza Strip by multistage sampling method (simple random for selecting the school, and stratified random sampling for student selection). Data of study were obtained through (periodontal examination kit and questionnaire). The data were collected in questionnaire filled by self-administration that consist of three sections; personal data, student general health conditions and oral hygiene practices. Before data collection, permission was obtained from the Ministry of Education. The schools were informed about the purpose of the study and its goal. The written informed consent from the student himself were obtained.
Result: Average age of sample units was (16.92 + 0.78) years old. The percentage of males was 42.9%. According to the governorate distribution of the sample, 18.4% of them were from North Gaza, 38% were from Gaza City, while 15.4% were from Middle Camps, 18.3% from Khanyounes, and 9.8% from Rafah. The main findings of the current study revealed the prevalence rate of gingivitis among high school students was 97.1%. According to gingival index (GI), the average of GI was (1.5+0.80), where 28.5% of gingivitis cases were mild cases, while 44.5% of them were moderate, and 27% were of severe gingivitis. There was no significant difference in the average of gingival index according to gender (t=1.35, P=0.178), where the average of GI among males was (1.6+0.8), while that of females was (1.5+0.18). According to sociodemographic factors, there were no differences in averages of GI except for governorates (F=3.7, P=0.05), and for Paternal educational level (F=3.1,P=0.027), where the highest average of GI was that of those live in Gaza city (1.63+ 0.77), and North Gaza (1.63+ 0.82) and those whose fathers of illiteracy (1.73+ 0.95) and basic (1.66+0.78) educational levels. Moreover, there was statistically high significant direct correlation between GI and PI (R=0.63, P=0.000).
Conclusion: The results of the current study revealed that GI average of high school students in North Gaza and Gaza City was the highest in Gaza Strip, and this finding need more investigation in future study to explain the reason of this significant difference in GI average according to governorates. Also, the findings of this study confirmed that the paternal educational level is considered as a risk factor for gingivitis, where the students whose fathers of low educational level have high probability to complain from gingivitis than those whose fathers of high educational level.